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COVID-19 has diminished economic activity, required trillions of dollars in response packages, and is likely to cause structural shifts in the global economy going forward, as countries plan for recovery and revival.

A build-up of debt is likely to burden government budgets and corporate balances for many years; global economic relations could be reshaped; and emerging economies are at risk of submerging into a deeper crisis. Businesses could face increasingly challenging consumption, production, and competition patterns. 

As countries start to reboot their economies, new working practices and attitudes towards traveling, commuting, and consumption may make it easier to achieve a lower carbon and more sustainable recovery. But omitting sustainability criteria in recovery efforts or returning to an emissions-intensive global economy risks hampering the climate resilient low-carbon transition.

Years of progress could be lost through underinvestment in industry decarbonization initiatives, infrastructure renewal, and institutional adaptation. This would give way to a vicious cycle of continued environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, and further zoonotic infectious disease outbreaks, as well as more damaging disasters.

High levels of concern about another infectious disease outbreak indicates the persistent fragility of public health systems and the vulnerability of societies to repeated shutdowns. High structural unemployment is likely to exacerbate inequality and affect mental health and societal cohesion.

An accelerated automation of the workforce is also likely to affect individual and societal well-being. One third of respondents also expect a developing economy to collapse in the medium term, which would have dire humanitarian consequences. In some countries, the educational and wealth prospects of the younger generation may also be under threat.

Technology has been central to the way people, companies, and governments have managed the COVID-19 crisis, and the contact-free economy may create new employment opportunities in a post-pandemic world.

However, a greater dependence on technology has increased cybersecurity risks. Nearly two-fifths of the risk experts surveyed reckoned that new working patterns leading to cyber-attacks and data fraud was highly likely. A rapid roll-out of new technology solutions has exacerbated other risks, such as digital fragmentation, privacy violations, and inequality.

COVID-19 is likely to challenge technology governance expectations, and mistrust in, or the misuse of, technology could have lasting societal effects.